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1862 - Oswald Külpe was born. Külpe used systematic introspection to study thought processes and founded the Würzburg school of imageless thought.
1882 - Congress charged the secretary of the treasury with prohibiting the immigration of "lunatics, idiots, and people likely to become a public charge." On March 3, 1891, Congress added a $1,000 penalty for violations of this law.
1909 - Neal E. Miller was born. Miller has made lasting contributions in motivation, aggression, social learning, and instrumental autonomic conditioning. APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, 1959; APA President, 1961; National Medal of Science, 1964; APA Distinguished Professional Contributions Award, 1983; APA Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology Award, 1991.
1948 - Claude E. Shannon's article "A Mathematical Theory of Information," the first complete information theory, appeared in the Bell System Technical Journal. This pivotal contribution to cognitive psychology was introduced to psychologists by George Miller and Frederick Frick in their Psychological Review article, "Statistical Behavioristics and Sequences of Responses" (1949).
1992 - U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye of Hawaii delivered an address to Congress titled "A Tribute to Psychology on the Occasion of the Centennial of the American Psychological Association: A Century of Science and Service." Inouye's remarks honored the APA and extensively described the Traveling Psychology Exhibition at the Smithsonian Institution, supported by the APA.
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